Escorbuto una Enfermedad del Pasado en Nuestros Tiempos. A Propósito de un Caso / Scurvy a Disease of the Past in Our Times. About a case

El término escorbuto procede de una palabra del antiguo escandinavo, scorbruck, que significa "hinchazones ulceradas". Es una entidad infrecuente en pediatría, causada por deficiencia nutricional exógena de ácido ascórbico. Los seres humanos, a diferencia de otros seres vivos, no pueden sintetizar la vitamina C y, en consecuencia, dependen estrictamente de su aporte exógeno. El escorbuto puede simular varios desórdenes reumatológicos. Aunque es poco común, puede presentarse como pseudovasculitis o artritis crónica. Para el diagnóstico en pacientes que presentan síntomas músculo esqueléticos se requiere un alto índice de sospecha. Se reporta el caso de un paciente masculino de 9 años que desarrolló la enfermedad por un hábito alimentario selectivo de larga evolución, sin ingesta de frutas ni verduras. El objetivo del presente reporte es alertar al pediatra acerca del desarrollo de escorbuto como potencial consecuencia de las dietas restrictivas, y la importancia de realizar una anamnesis alimentaria completa ante la sospecha diagnóstica

The term scurvy comes from a word from the old Scandinavian, scorbruck, which means ulcerated swellings. Scurvy is an infrequent entity in pediatrics caused by exogenous nutritional deficiency of ascorbic acid. Human beings, unlike other living beings, can not synthesize vitamin C and, consequently, they depend strictly on their exogenous contribution. Scurvy can simulate several rheumatological disorders. Although it is uncommon, it can present as pseudovasculitis or chronic arthritis. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose patients with musculoskeletal symptoms. We report a case of a 9-year-old male patient who developed the disease due to a long-term selective eating habit, without fruits or vegetables intake. The objective of this report is to alert the pediatrician about the development of scurvy as a potential consequence of restrictive diets, and the importance of performing a complete dietary history to suspect diagnosis

Determination of early bone metastasis on Bone Scans Using the Gray Levels Histogram / Búsqueda de metástasis ósea temprana en gammagramas óseos usando el histograma de tonos de gris

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to show a technique to speed up the interpretation of bone scans in order to determine the presence of early bone metastasis. This is done using the gray levels histogram of the region of interest. The technique is intended to assist in the bone scans interpretation in order to provide a successful diagnosis. During the analysis, three types of histograms were observed on the regions of interest. If the histogram is narrow and shifted toward the origin, the bone scan is free of metastasis. If it is shifted to the right and slightly broadened, indicates the presence of a bone anomaly different from a metastasis. On the other hand, if the histogram is more broadened and shifted to the right, is suggests the presence of metastasis. This histogram is characterized by displaying small curls on the right side providing information about the metastatic disease stage, which could be low-amplitude peaks and have a short length, if the metastasis is in early stage, or high-amplitude peaks and a long length, if is advanced. Finally, the analyzed region is displayed in false color considering the minimum gray levels observed in the histogram.

Detection of Exudates and Microaneurysms in the Retina by Segmentation in Fundus Images / Detección de Exudados y Microaneurismas en la Retina por Segmentación en Imágenes de Fondo

ABSTRACT This article proposes two methodologies for the detection of lesions in the retina, which may indicate the presence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Through the use of digital image processing techniques, it is possible to isolate the pixels that correspond to a lesion of RD, to achieve segmenting microaneurysms, the edges of the objects contained in the image are highlighted in order to detect the contours of the objects to select by size those that meet an area of 15 to 25 pixels in the case of 512x512 images and identify the objects as possible microaneurysms, while for the detection of exudates the green channel is selected to contrast the luminous objects in the retinography and from the conversion to gray scale, a histogram is graphed to identify the ideal threshold for the segmentation of the pixels that belong to the exudates at the end of the optical disk previously identified by a specialist. A confusion matrix supervised by an ophthalmologist was created to quantify the results obtained by the two methodologies, obtaining a specificity of 0.94 and a sensitivity of 0.97, values that are outstanding to proceed with the classification stage.

RESUMEN Este artículo propone dos metodologías para la detección de lesiones en la retina, que pueden significar la presencia de retinopatía diabética (RD). Mediante el uso de técnicas de procesamiento de imágenes digitales se logra aislar los pixeles que corresponden a una lesión propia de RD, para lograr segmentar microaneurismas se resaltan los bordes de los objetos contenido en la imagen con la finalidad de detectar los contornos de los objetos para seleccionar por tamaño los que cumplan con un área de 15 a 25 pixeles en el caso de imágenes de 512x512 y se identifiquen los objetos como posibles microaneurismas, mientras que para la detección de exudados se selecciona el canal verde para contrastar los objetos luminosos en la retinografía y a partir de la conversión a escala de grises se grafica un histograma para identificar el umbral idóneo para la segmentación de los pixeles que pertenecen a los exudados al final eliminar el disco óptico previamente identificado por un especialista. Se creó una matriz de confusión supervisada por un oftalmólogo para cuantificar los resultados obtenidos por las dos metodologías obteniendo una especificidad del 0.94 y una sensibilidad del 0.97, unos valores que son sobresalientes para proceder con la etapa de clasificación.

Nivel de deterioro cognitivo del adulto mayor de la comunidad de Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo, México / Level of cognitive impairment of older adults in the community of Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) declara que el deterioro cognitivo afecta a nivel mundial a unos 50 millones de personas y se calcula que entre un 5 y un 8 % de la población general de 60 años o más sufre deterioro cognitivo en un determinado momento. En la población mexicana se espera un crecimiento exponencial de la población geriátrica y, en consecuencia, un aumento significativo de casos de demencia. Ahora, se cuenta con algunos reportes clínicos sobre la presencia de 500 mil a 700 mil personas con demencia, de las cuales se estima que 25 % no han sido diagnosticadas. Objetivo: evaluar el nivel de deterioro cognitivo del adulto mayor de la comunidad de Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo. Material y métodos: investigación de aplicabilidad básica con un enfoque cuantitativo y un nivel de alcance descriptivo además un diseño descriptivo transversal Resultados: en nuestra población de estudio predominó el género femenino, el rango de edad se centró entre 60 y 90 años de edad, prevalece el nivel de escolaridad primaria y estado civil casados, el más alto porcentaje de los adultos mayores no tienen deterioro cognitivo. Conclusión: se encontró a nuestra población sin deterioro cognitivo.

Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO) states that cognitive impairment affects glo¬bally about 50 million people and it is estimated that between 5% and 8% of the general population aged 60 years or older suffers cognitive impairment at any given time. A significant increase in cases of cognitive impairment is expected In the Mexican population, an explosive growth of the geriatric population is expected and, consequently, a significant increase in cases of dementia. Currently there are some clinical reports on the presence of 500,000 to 700,000 people with dementia, of which it is estimated that 25 % have not been diagnosed. Objective: to assess the level of cognitive impairment of older adults in the community of Tlahuelilpan, Hidalgo. Material and methods: research of basic applicability with a quantitative approach and a descriptive scope level in addition to a cross-sectional descriptive design. Results: in our study population there was a predominance of female gender, the age range was between 60 and 90 years of age, with a predominance of primary school level and mostly married, the highest percentage of older adults were found without cognitive impairment. Conclusion: our population was found without cognitive impairment.

Clinical assessment of acid-base balance in Netherland Dwarf rabbit / Avaliação clínica do equilíbrio ácido-básico em coelhos Anã Holandês

Pet rabbits have increased their popularity in a lot of countries. However, most of the laboratory profiles in rabbit medicine come from the observations made in rabbit as biomodels or meat production. So that further researches are necessary to obtain reference values for hematology and biochemical profiles in pet rabbits and the different breeds, especially, in relation to acid-base balance. The aim of this report was to offer the mean values of the main parameters connected with acid-base profile in Netherland Dwarf breed. Thirty-five healthy rabbits (15 males and 20 females) were studied. Venous blood sample from lateral saphenous vein was analyzed to measure: haematocrit, haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, blood pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total CO2, ions bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, base excess and anion Gap. Results showed a shorter range that those reported by different researchers. Moreover, differences between genders were showed in pCO2, its values were higher in males. It may be associated with a greater cellular metabolism. Values obtained in this research should be taken into account by veterinary clinicians for this breed in their clinical assessments. Besides, these values provide new results in parameters with few reference values.

A popularidade de coelhos como animais de estimação aumentou em muitos países. No entanto, a maioria dos perfis de laboratório em medicina de coelhos advém das observações de biomodelos animais ou da produção de carne. Assim, são necessárias pesquisas adicionais para obter valores de referência para hematologia e perfis bioquímicos em coelhos de estimação, e das diferentes raças, especialmente, em relação ao equilíbrio ácido-base. O objetivo deste relatório foi oferecer os valores médios dos principais parâmetros ligados ao perfil ácido-base na raça Anã Holandês. Trinta e cinco coelhos saudáveis ​​(15 machos e 20 fêmeas) foram estudados. A amostra de sangue venoso da veia safena lateral foi analisada para mensuração: hematócrito, hemoglobina, nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo, glicose, pH sanguíneo, pressão parcial de CO2 (pCO2), CO2 total, íons bicarbonato, cloreto, sódio, potássio, excesso de base e ânion Gap. Os resultados apresentaram um intervalo menor do que aqueles relatados por diferentes pesquisadores. Além disso, as diferenças entre os gêneros foram mostradas na pCO2, seus valores foram maiores no sexo masculino. Pode estar associado a um maior metabolismo celular. Os valores obtidos nesta pesquisa devem ser levados em consideração pelos clínicos veterinários para esta raça em suas avaliações clínicas. Além disso, esses valores fornecem novos resultados em parâmetros com poucos valores de referencia.

Situación epidemiológica del Covid-19 en Sudamérica / Epidemiological Situation Of COVID-19 In South America

Actualmente la infección por coronavirus (COVID-19) se ha convertido en un problema de salud públicaa nivel mundial. En diciembre del 2019, en la ciudad de Wuhan, provincia de Hubei, China, se reportaronlos primeros casos de neumonía de etiología desconocida, los cuales se incrementaron rápidamente enotras provincias del país. Posteriormente, se identificó al coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 como agente causal y, a mediados de enero del2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) reportó más de 280 casos confirmados de COVID-19 enChina, Tailandia, Japón y Corea.

Currently the coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has become a public health problem worldwide. In December 2019, in the city of Wuhan, province of Hubei, China, the first cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported, which incremented rapidly in other provinces of the country. Subsequently, SARS-CoV2 was identified as the causal agent and in mid-January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported over 280 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China, Thailand, Japan and Korea. In South America, the first case of COVID-19 is made known on February 26, 2020 in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, identified as a male patient of 61 years of age from the region of Lombardy in Italy. Soon after there were other confirmed cases imported from the Asian and European continents in other south American countries.

El cuidado de las parteras nahuas prehispánicas de México en las crónicas de fray Bernardino de Sahagún / Care provided by prehispanic Nahuas midwives in Mexico according to the Chronicles of fray Bernardino de Sahagún / O cuidado das parteiras nahuas prehispánicas do México nas crónicas do fray Bernardino de Sahagún

Resumen Introducción: Reconstruir historias contribuye a forjar identidades sólidas. El ejercicio interdisciplinario desde la metodología histórica, permite vincular la disciplina de enfermería con las prácticas tradicionales de la partería del México Antiguo enfocada en la actividad del cuidado de la mujer embarazada. Objetivo: Interpretar el cuidado de las parteras nahuas prehispánicas de México en las crónicas de fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Desarrollo: Se analiza el papel de las parteras nahuas prehispánicas tomando como fuente primaria el facsímil del Códice Florentino o Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España de fray Bernardino de Sahagún, disponible en la Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), en conjunto con fuentes secundarias de investigadores especialistas de la cultura náhuatl. Con base en la hermenéutica para la historiografía de la Colonia, la investigación se organiza en dos dimensiones, de lo general a lo particular. Mientras que la primera muestra los aspectos generales, geográficos, la cosmogonía y cosmovisión de la población estudiada; la segunda corresponde a las características sociales, culturales, políticas y fenomenológicas como son símbolos, cualidades, divinidades, además de significaciones en torno a la partera. Conclusiones: El estudio de la historicidad de la partería devela prácticas tradicionales permeadas de la cosmovisión mesoamericana, de las cuales subyace un cuidado multidimensional que ve a la mujer como un reflejo del cosmos, la tierra y el origen de lo sagrado. Asimismo, desde la cosmovisión de la partera se identifica un ejercicio de prácticas tradicionales, de las cuales subyacen premisas clasificadas como supuestos epistemológicos a partir de la acción.

Abstract Introduction: Reconstructing histories contributes to consolidate solid identities. Therefore, interdisciplinary actions, from the historic perspective, allow linking the discipline of nursing to the traditional midwifery practices which were focused on the care of pregnant women during the times of ancient Mexico. Objective: To interpret the way of caring of prehispanic Nahuas midwifes in Mexico based on the chronicles of fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Development: The role of prehispanic Nahuas midwives is analyzed through the consultation of a facsimile of the fray Bernardino de Sahagún Florentine Codex or General History of the Things of New Spain, available at the Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), as the main source, along with other secondary sources from diverse researchers of the Nahuatl culture. Based on the hermeneutics of the historiography of the colonial period, the research is organized in two dimensions: the general and the particular. While the first addresses the overall aspects related to the geography, cosmogony, and worldview of the studied population, the second focuses on the related social, cultural, political, and phenomenological characteristics, including the symbols, divinities, and meanings around midwifery. Conclusions: The study of this midwifery unveils traditional practices which suggest the prevalence of multidimensional care that addresses women as reflections of the universe, the land, and the sacred origin, all in agreement with the epistemological postures of these cultures.

Resumo Introdução: Reconstruir histórias contribui a forjar identidades sólidas. O trabalho interdisciplinar desde a metodologia histórica, permite ligar a disciplina de enfermagem com as práticas tradicionais da parteria do México Antigo focada na atividade do cuidado da mulher grávida. Objetivo: Interpretar o cuidado das parteiras nahuas prehispánicas do México nas crónicas do fray Bernardino de Sahagún. Desenvolvimento: Analisa-se o papel das parteiras nahuas prehispánicas tomando como fonte primária o fac-símile do Códice Florentino ou História Geral das Coisas da Nova Espanha de fray Bernardino de Sahagún, disponível na Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), em conjunto com fontes secundárias de pesquisadores especialistas da cultura náhuatl. Com base na hermenêutica para a historiografia da Colônia, a pesquisa organiza-se em duas dimensões, do geral para o particular. Enquanto a primeira mostra os aspectos gerais, geográficos, a cosmogonia e cosmovisão da população estudada, a segunda corresponde às caraterísticas sociais, culturais, políticas e fenomenológicas como são: símbolos, qualidades, divindades e significações em volta à parteira. Conclusões: O estudo da historicidade da parteria revela práticas tradicionais impregnadas da cosmovisão mesoamericana, das quais subjaz um cuidado multidimensional que vê à mulher como um reflexo do cosmos, a terra e a origem sagrada. Da mesma forma, desde a cosmovisão da parteira identifica-se um exercício de práticas tradicionais, das quais subjazem pressupostos classificados como supostos epistemológicos a partir da ação.

Marco Técnico de Referencia para la Interoperabilidad de Expedientes Clínicos Electrónicos: Modelo del Dominio / Technical Reference Framework for the Interoperability of Electronic Medical Record: Domain Model

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación es la modelación del dominio de un marco técnico de compartición e interacción de un expediente clínico electrónico (ECE) entre diversas instituciones de salud, públicas o privadas, como primer paso para lograr un marco técnico de refererencia para la interoperabilidad de sistemas de ECE en México. Se ha utilizado el proceso sistemático KMOS-RE para obterner los diversos artefactos que conforman el modelo: el léxico extendido del conocimiento del domino, los modelos conceptuales del dominio de aplicación y del dominio de la solución y los modelos de estados. Debido a que el diseño e implementación de los sistemas de ECE de cada una de las instituciones de salud se generan de manera independiente, realizar un marco técnico de referencia representa un gran desafío y una gran oportunidad, ya que ofrecerá ventajas importantes, como el hecho de contar con la información clínica de manera oportuna en cualquier institución de salud, la posibilidad de que el propio paciente acceda a su información y la facilidad de realizar investigación clínica a partir de los datos compartidos. Aún cuando la modelación de un dominio es dinámica, el contar con un modelo del dominio lo más preciso posible en este punto, facilitará los siguientes pasos para lograr el marco técnico de referencia propuesto.

Abstract This paper presents the domain modeling of a technical framework of sharing and interaction of an electronic medical record among different healthcare institutions, both public or private, as a first step to establish a technical reference framework for the interoperability of electronic medical record systems in Mexico. The artefact that make up the domain model were carried out using the KMOS-RE systematic process. Through this process, the following components have been obtained: the knowledge domain extended lexicon, the conceptual models, one for the application domain and another for the solution domain, as well as the state models. Since the design and implementation of the electronic medical record systems of different healthcare institutions are generated independently, having a technical reference framework represents a great challenge but also a great opportunity, since it will offer important advantages, such as having the clinical information in a timely manner in any healthcare institution, the possibility of the patient accessing their own information and the ease of conducting clinical research from the shared data. Even when a domain modeling is a dynamic task, having a precise domain model at this point will facilitate the next steps to achieve the proposed technical reference framework.

Bacterial and fungal infectious etiology causing mastitis in dairy cows in the highlands of Boyacá (Colombia) / Etiología bacteriana y micótica infecciosa causante de mastitis en vacas lecheras en el altiplano boyacense (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Mastitis is one of the most important diseases for the dairy industry worldwide due to the great economic losses it causes, and the bacterial agents that cause it vary from one herd to another. The objective of the investigation was to determine the infectious agents involved in the development of mastitis in specialized dairies herds in the Highlands of Boyacá, Colombia. Was performed CMT tests in 4432 teats to determine the positive results for inflammation (CMT + 2), sampling in aseptic material of positives quarters, identification and differentiation through microbiological cultures, Gram staining, and biochemical tests of bacterial and fungal agents present in milk samples. It was determined that the total prevalence varied in the three years of the study as follows: in 2016, 45.19%; in 2017, 51.06% and in 2018, 39.76%. The months of April, May, and September, October presented the highest number of teats affected with mastitis during the three years of study. Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus were the most prevalent microorganisms that cause mastitis in the three study years. There was an increase in the prevalence of infected teats corresponding to the months (April, May, September, and October) due to rainfall increases. The contagious pathogens were most prevalent that environmental pathogens.

RESUMEN La mastitis es una de las enfermedades más importantes para la industria lechera a nivel mundial debido a las grandes pérdidas económicas que genera; además, los agentes que la generan varían de un rebaño a otro. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los agentes infecciosos involucrados en el desarrollo de mastitis en lecherías especializadas del departamento de Boyacá (Colombia). Se realizaron pruebas de CMT a 4432 cuartos para determinar los positivos a inflamación (CMT+2), toma de muestras en material aséptico de cuartos positivos, identificación y diferenciación a través de cultivos microbiológicos, tinción de Gram y pruebas bioquímicas de los agentes bacterianos y micóticos presentes en las muestras de leche. Se determinó que la prevalencia total varió en los tres años de estudio así: en el año 2016, 45,19%; en el 2017, 51,06%, y en el 2018, 39,76%. Los meses de abril-mayo y septiembre-octubre presentaron la mayor cantidad de cuartos afectados con mastitis a lo largo de los tres años de estudio. Finalmente, se determinó que Streptococcus agalactiae y Staphylococcus aureus, microorganismos que generan mastitis, fueron los de mayor prevalencia durante los tres años de estudio debido a un aumento en las lluvias. Los patógenos contagiosos causantes de mastitis fueron los más prevalentes, por encima de los medioambientales.

Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) / Efeito subletal da Abamectina na resposta funcional do predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) em Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a'), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.

Resumo O controle biológico utilizado para o controle de Tetranychus urticae (Koch) é o acaro predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). É importante conhecer os efeitos dos acaricidas sobre o comportamento biológico do predador. Foi avaliado o efeito tóxico de a Abamectina na resposta funcional de P. persimilis. A resposta funcional do predador foi tipo II exposta a concentrações subletais de Abacmetina, os parâmetros da resposta funcional: taxa de ataque (a'), tempo de manipulação (Th), a eficiência na procura e predação teórica máxima (T/Th) foram afetados pelo acaricida. O predador passa mais tempo na procura, dominar, consumir e se preparar para a próxima procura em comparação com a testemunha e sua capacidade de predação foi afetada.

Prótesis de recubrimiento en húmero proximal: ¿Cuál es la indicación hoy en día? / Proximal humeral resurfacing. What's today indication?

Resumen: Introducción: Los resultados funcionales de las prótesis de superficie en el húmero proximal son aceptables, pero con grandes diferencias en la tasa y causa de revisión según las diferentes series. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue analizar los resultados clínicos obtenidos en nuestro centro y tratar de definir al paciente ideal para este implante. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 19 casos. Seguimiento de 31 (12-61) meses. La cirugía se indicó en casos de artrosis primaria o secundaria. Se analizaron datos demográficos, escala de Constant normalizada, cuestionario DASH, complicaciones y satisfacción. Hubo tres pérdidas durante el seguimiento por fallecimiento sin relación con la cirugía. Resultados: Edad media de 56 (25-80) años. La puntuación en la escala de Constant normalizada fue 73 (23-104) puntos y en el cuestionario DASH 31 (7-84) puntos. Noventa y cuatro por ciento de los pacientes retomaron sus actividades de ocio. En siete casos se objetivó radiológicamente colocación en varo del implante generando un conflicto inferior en la glena. Se produjo una capsulitis adhesiva resuelta de forma conservadora, tres reintervenciones por usura glenoidea sintomática y una por dolor incontrolable. Los pacientes sin lesión del manguito rotador presentaron mejor puntuación en los cuestionarios funcionales. Todos los pacientes refirieron estar satisfechos con la mejoría sintomática respecto a la situación previa. Conclusiones: Los resultados funcionales obtenidos son similares a los publicados previamente. Creemos que la prótesis de superficie debe ser considerada una opción en los casos de artrosis primaria o secundaria sin lesión del manguito rotador, independientemente de la edad.

Abstract: Introduction: Data published in the literature about humeral resurfacing prostheses are not conclusive with good functional results but with large differences in the revision rate. The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinical and functional outcomes in patients operated at our center. Material and methods: Retrospective study of 19 cases in 18 patients. Follow-up of 31 (12-61) months. Surgery was indicated in cases of primary or secondary osteoarthritis. Demographic data, Constant scale, DASH questionnaire, complications and satisfaction were analyzed. Three patients were lost to follow-up due to death unrelated to surgery. Results: Mean age of 56 (25-80) years. Constant normalized of 73 (23-104) points. DASH questionnaire of 31 (7-84) points. Ninety four percent of the patients resumed their recreational activities and 81% sports activities. In seven cases, inferior conflict in the glenoid with varus implant was observed radiologically. There were five complications; a conservatively resolved capsulitis, three reinterventions due to symptomatic inferior glenoid usury and another to uncontrollable pain in a conservative way. Patients without rotator cuff lesion presented better scores on the functional questionnaires. All patients were satisfied with the symptomatic improvement over the previous situation and would be operated again if necessary. Conclusions: The functional outcomes reported are similar to those previously published and, based on them, we believe that the resurfacing prosthesis is an option to be considered in cases of primary or secondary osteoarthritis when there is no rotator cuff injury, regardless of age.

PercepFiguras: programa computarizado de estimulación visual para evaluar conductual y electrofisiológicamente la percepción multiestable / PercepFiguras: a computerized visual stimulation program to assess, behaviorally and electrophysiologically, the multistable perception

RESUMEN En la investigación de la percepción visual comúnmente se usan programas computarizados comerciales para la presentación de los estímulos, configurados por lo general para admitir una respuesta por cada estímulo presentado. Sin embargo, el estudio de la percepción multiestable, requiere la presentación de un estímulo que permanece invariable aunque la percepción de éste puede variar en dos o más configuraciones, lo que demanda que el programa admita respuestas para cada cambio en la percepción de un mismo estímulo. Se presenta PercepFiguras desarrollado con lenguaje de programación C++ que es un sistema de estimulación visual que permite al usuario: a) presentar imágenes y recibir una o varias respuestas a cada una, b) sincronizar las respuestas con un sistema de registro electroencefalográfico mediante el envío de pulsos TTL, c) generar un archivo conductual y d) generar un archivo con el total de respuestas y promedios de las latencias a cada tipo de figura. Se realizó un estudio piloto con una tarea de presentación continua de una figura ambigua alternando con dos variantes de menor ambigüedad, se obtuvo mayor frecuencia de cambios perceptuales y menor estabilidad perceptual para la figura ambigua respecto a las de menor ambigüedad, comprobándose la utilidad del programa.

ABSTRACT In the study of visual perception, the use of computerized commercial programs for the presentation of stimuli, usually configured to admit a response for each stimulus presented, is common. However, the study of multistable perception requires the presentation of a stimulus that remains unchanged, although the perception of it can vary in two or more configurations during its observation, which demands that the program admit responses for each change in perception of the same stimulus. PercepFiguras is a system developed with C++ programming language that allows: a) present images and receive multiple responses to the same stimulus, b) synchronize the responses with an electroencephalographic recording system by sending TTL pulses, c) generate a behavioral file, d) generate a file with the total responses and averages of the latencies for each type of figure. In the pilot study with a task of continuous presentation of an ambiguous figure to alternating with two variants of less ambiguity, we observe greater frequency of perceptual and less perceptual stability to the ambiguous figure with respect to the less ambiguous figures, which proves the usefulness of the program.

Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.

Resumo O controle biológico utilizado para o controle de Tetranychus urticae (Koch) é o acaro predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). É importante conhecer os efeitos dos acaricidas sobre o comportamento biológico do predador. Foi avaliado o efeito tóxico de a Abamectina na resposta funcional de P. persimilis. A resposta funcional do predador foi tipo II exposta a concentrações subletais de Abacmetina, os parâmetros da resposta funcional: taxa de ataque (a'), tempo de manipulação (Th), a eficiência na procura e predação teórica máxima (T/Th) foram afetados pelo acaricida. O predador passa mais tempo na procura, dominar, consumir e se preparar para a próxima procura em comparação com a testemunha e sua capacidade de predação foi afetada.

Clinical assessment of acid-base balance in Netherland Dwarf rabbit

Abstract Pet rabbits have increased their popularity in a lot of countries. However, most of the laboratory profiles in rabbit medicine come from the observations made in rabbit as biomodels or meat production. So that further researches are necessary to obtain reference values for hematology and biochemical profiles in pet rabbits and the different breeds, especially, in relation to acid-base balance. The aim of this report was to offer the mean values of the main parameters connected with acid-base profile in Netherland Dwarf breed. Thirty-five healthy rabbits (15 males and 20 females) were studied. Venous blood sample from lateral saphenous vein was analyzed to measure: haematocrit, haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, blood pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total CO2, ions bicarbonate, chloride, sodium, potassium, base excess and anion Gap. Results showed a shorter range that those reported by different researchers. Moreover, differences between genders were showed in pCO2, its values were higher in males. It may be associated with a greater cellular metabolism. Values obtained in this research should be taken into account by veterinary clinicians for this breed in their clinical assessments. Besides, these values provide new results in parameters with few reference values.

Resumo A popularidade de coelhos como animais de estimação aumentou em muitos países. No entanto, a maioria dos perfis de laboratório em medicina de coelhos advém das observações de biomodelos animais ou da produção de carne. Assim, são necessárias pesquisas adicionais para obter valores de referência para hematologia e perfis bioquímicos em coelhos de estimação, e das diferentes raças, especialmente, em relação ao equilíbrio ácido-base. O objetivo deste relatório foi oferecer os valores médios dos principais parâmetros ligados ao perfil ácido-base na raça Anã Holandês. Trinta e cinco coelhos saudáveis (15 machos e 20 fêmeas) foram estudados. A amostra de sangue venoso da veia safena lateral foi analisada para mensuração: hematócrito, hemoglobina, nitrogênio ureico sanguíneo, glicose, pH sanguíneo, pressão parcial de CO2 (pCO2), CO2 total, íons bicarbonato, cloreto, sódio, potássio, excesso de base e ânion Gap. Os resultados apresentaram um intervalo menor do que aqueles relatados por diferentes pesquisadores. Além disso, as diferenças entre os gêneros foram mostradas na pCO2, seus valores foram maiores no sexo masculino. Pode estar associado a um maior metabolismo celular. Os valores obtidos nesta pesquisa devem ser levados em consideração pelos clínicos veterinários para esta raça em suas avaliações clínicas. Além disso, esses valores fornecem novos resultados em parâmetros com poucos valores de referencia.

Influence of gender on carcass yield of twin lambs Blackbelly x Pelibuey at 56 days of age / Influência do gênero no rendimento de carcaça em cordeiros gêmeos Blackbelly x Pelibuey aos 56 días de idade

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of gender on pre-weaning growth, yield and weight of primal cuts of the carcass of Blackbelly x Pelibuey lambs. 16 twin lambs were used. The lamb gender was the fixed factor. The variables evaluated were: body weight at birth and at weaning, average daily weight gain, weight and yield of carcass and primal cuts: neck, arm, thorax, abdomen and leg. Gender did not affect (P>0.05) body weight at birth. However, the pre-weaning average daily weight gain and body weight at weaning were affected (P<0.05) by the gender. Hot carcass yield and weight and primal cuts were not affected (P>0.05) by the gender of the lamb. Nevertheless, the area of the Longissimus dorsi muscle and cavity fat were different between males and females (P<0.05) 11.5±0.73cm2 and 198±0.05 g vs 9.3±0.73cm2 and 282±0.05g, respectively. In conclusion, in twin lambs Blackbelly x Pelibuey males had greater average daily weight gain and body weight at weaning than females. Carcass yield and weight and primal cuts were not affected by the gender of the lamb. However, males had greater area of the L. dorsi muscle than females and these in turn had a greater amount of cavity fat than males.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a influência do gênero no crescimento pré-desmame, no rendimento e no peso dos cortes primários de carcaça de cordeiros Blackbelly x Pelibuey. Utilizaram-se 16 cordeiros gêmeos. Os dados foram analisados em um desenho completamente ao acaso, em que o gênero dos corderos foi o fator fixo. As variáveis avaliadas foram: peso vivo ao nascimento e ao desmame, ganho diário de peso, peso e rendimento de carcaças e dos cortes primários: pescoço, braço, tórax, abdômen e perna. O gênero não afetou (P>0,05) o peso vivo ao nascimento. No entanto, o ganho diário de peso e o peso vivo ao desmame foram afetados, sendo esses valores superiores nos machos (P<0,05). O peso e o rendimento das carcaças quentes e dos cortes primários não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelo gênero do cordeiro. Entretanto, a área do músculo Longissimus dorsi e a gordura cavitária foram diferentes entre machos e fêmeas (P<0,05): 11.5±0.73cm2 e 198±0.05g vs. 9.3±0.73cm2 e 282±0.05g, respectivamente. Em conclusão, nos cordeiros gêmeos Blackbelly x Pelibuey, os machos tiveram maior ganho diário de peso e maior peso vivo ao desmame do que as fêmeas. O peso e o rendimento da carcaça bem como os cortes primários não foram afetados pelo gênero do cordeiro. Todavia, os machos tiveram maior área do músculo L. dorsi que as fêmeas e estas tiveram maior quantidade de gordura cavitária que os machos.(AU)

Cambios en resonancia magnética funcional en estudiantes de medicina con y sin restricción moderada de sueño / Changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging in medical students with and without moderate sleep deprivation

OBJETIVO: Describir los efectos de la restricción moderada del sueño en las regiones cerebrales involucradas en los procesos de inhibición cognitiva, función motora y fluidez fonológica, utilizando imágenes por resonancia magnética funcional (RMf). Materiales y métodos: Se estableció una condición de sueño habitual y otra de restricción moderada en 12 estudiantes diestros de pre y posgrado de Medicina, de entre 20 y 40 años. En ambos estados se utilizó la prueba psicológica de atención d2 e imágenes de RMf con paradigmas de función motora, fluencia fonológica y atención del tipo inhibición de la función ejecutiva Stroop. La restricción moderada de sueño fue de al menos el 63% con respecto al sueño habitual. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la activación cerebral con RMf para la función motora (p<0,05) entre el ciclo de sueño regular y el de restricción moderada. La actividad cerebral en RMf con los paradigmas de atención Stroop y fluidez fonológica no mostró diferencias significativas, así como tampoco la prueba psicológica de atención d2. Discusión: Se encontró interferencia en las activaciones cerebrales de representación motora con la restricción moderada de sueño, pero no se hallaron diferencias significativas en las activaciones de atención tipo Stroop, ni en la tarea de fluencia fonológica o las pruebas de atención d2. Esto podría deberse a una insuficiente restricción del sueño o a eficientes mecanismos de compensación en los sujetos de este estudio. Conclusión: Existen diferencias en las activaciones cerebrales de representación motora en la restricción moderada del sueño medidas con RMf

OBJECTIVE: To describe the effects of moderate sleep deprivation in brain regions involved in cognitive inhibition processes, motor function, and phonological fluency using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Materials and methods: A sample of 12 under-graduate and post-graduate medical students, between 20 and 40 years, were subjected to a follow-up of the number of hours of regular sleep in order compare to a moderate sleep deprivation after a nightshift. The d2 attention test and fMRI studies were used in both groups in order to evaluate motor function, verbal fluency and cognitive inhibition, or Stroop paradigms. The moderate sleep deprivation was at least 63% with respect to the regular sleep pattern during the previous week. Results: Significant differences in brain activity were found in fMRI to measure motor function (P<0.05) comparing regular sleep cycle and moderate sleep deprivation. The brain activity with fMRI Stroop paradigms and phonological fluency showed no significant differences between the two conditions, likewise with the psychological attention test d2. Discussion: The fMRI showed interference on motor representation activations in moderate sleep deprivation. No significant differences in fMRI were found in the processes of cognitive inhibition or Stroop paradigms, in phonological fluency, or in the psychological attention test d2. These could be attributed to inadequate sleep deprivation or efficient compensation mechanisms in the subjects of this study. Conclusión: There is a difference showed in fMRI on motor representation activations in moderate sleep deprivation

Relation of cerebrospinal fluid/plasma HIV-RNA discordance with neurocognitive impairment.

Neurological involvement is common in patients infected with HIV. The effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs in lowering the levels of HIV-RNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is limited by their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier. Discordance in CSF/plasma HIV-RNA levels may have a bearing on the progression of neurological disease in these patients. We report a woman with subacute neurocognitive impairment and abnormal findings on brain MRI, in whom there was a discordance between CSF/plasma HIV-RNA levels. The patient improved after a change in her highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. We also reviewed the available literature on the subject and found seven articles describing 27 patients. Natl Med J India 2015;28:228–32

Electrodo capacitivo de alta sensibilidad para la detección de biopotenciales eléctricos / Capacitive Electrode with High Sensitivity for Detection of Electrical Biopotentials

En este trabajo se presenta el diseño e implementación de un electrodo capacitivo de no contacto para la detección de biopotenciales en el cuerpo humano. Se presentan los circuitos eléctricos, el criterio de selección del amplificador operacional en base al análisis de la resistencia óptima de ruido, se describe el montaje físico, se presentan las señales obtenidas con este y la evaluación de su desempeño en base a la relación señal a ruido S/N. Se muestra el desempeño de diversos amplificadores operacionales y se demuestra la versatilidad del electrodo para detectar diversos biopotenciales realizando ajustes en los valores de dos componentes eléctricos del electrodo.

In this work the design and implementation of a capacitive non-contact electrode for detecting biopotentials in the human body is presented. Electrical circuits, the selection criteria of the operational amplifier based on the analysis of the optimal noise resistance are presented, the physical assembly is described and the signals obtained and evaluation of its performance are presented based on the signal-to-noise ratio S/N. We show the performance of several operational amplifiers and it is shown the versatility of the electrode to detect several biopotentials making adjustments to the values of two electrical components of the electrode.

Utilization of molasses and sugar cane bagasse for production of fungal invertase in solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger GH1

Agro-industrial wastes have been used as substrate-support in solid state fermentation for enzyme production. Molasses and sugarcane bagasse are by-products of sugar industry and can be employed as substrates for invertase production. Invertase is an important enzyme for sweeteners development. In this study, a xerophilic fungus Aspergillus niger GH1 isolated of the Mexican semi-desert, previously reported as an invertase over-producer strain was used. Molasses from Mexico and Cuba were chemically analyzed (total and reducer sugars, nitrogen and phosphorous contents); the last one was selected based on chemical composition. Fermentations were performed using virgin and hydrolyzate bagasse (treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid). Results indicated that, the enzymatic yield (5231 U/L) is higher than those reported by other A. niger strains under solid state fermentation, using hydrolyzate bagasse. The acid hydrolysis promotes availability of fermentable sugars. In addition, maximum invertase activity was detected at 24 h using low substrate concentration, which may reduce production costs. This study presents an alternative method for invertase production using a xerophilic fungus isolated from Mexican semi-desert and inexpensive substrates (molasses and sugarcane bagasse).